Reference Material
The Science
Explore the peer-reviewed research and scientific foundations behind NAD⁺ biology and the innovation that drives NADairX®'s inhalation delivery platform.
Core Science
NAD⁺ Biology
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a critical coenzyme present in every living cell. It plays a central role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signalling pathways that regulate ageing.
Inhalation Delivery
Pulmonary delivery offers a large, highly-vascularised absorption surface with rapid systemic bioavailability - bypassing first-pass metabolism and the degradation challenges of oral NAD⁺ supplementation.
Precision Engineering
NADairX®'s proprietary aerosolisation technology produces a consistent particle size optimised for deep-lung deposition, ensuring maximum NAD⁺ reaches the bloodstream efficiently.
Section 1
Pulmonary Drug Delivery Fundamentals
Dry Powder for Pulmonary Delivery: A Comprehensive Review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7824629/- One of the most cited modern DPI reviews
- Explains lung physiology, aerosol physics, and inhalable powder design
- Shows 1–5 µm particles are optimal for inhalation aerosols
Half a Century of Technological Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fddev.2022.871147- Evolution of inhaled therapeutics
- Why pulmonary delivery enables rapid systemic exposure
- DPI advantages over other inhalation systems
Pulmonary Drug Delivery by Powder Aerosols
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365914002880- Foundational aerosol science paper
- Powder dispersion and deposition modelling
Inhalation: A Smart Strategy and Increasing Potential for Drug Delivery
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1044/8361/9141/files/DDDT-20-575392.pdf?v=1775672348- Delivery method is just as important as the drug itself
- The lungs are an ideal gateway for both local and systemic therapy
- Inhalation is becoming a future-facing platform, not a niche tool
Understanding Dry Powder Inhalers: Key Technical and Patient Preference Attributes
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1044/8361/9141/files/DDDT-20-575392.pdf?v=1775672348- Higher device resistance often improves drug delivery
- DPIs are suitable for almost all patients
- Powder delivery technology is well-established and scientifically validated
Section 2
Particle Size and Lung Deposition
Influence of Physical Properties of Carrier on DPI Formulations
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211383515300629- Shows 1–5 µm particle size ensures deep lung deposition
- Important justification for micronised API particles
Can Extrafine Dry Powder Aerosols Improve Lung Deposition?
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939641115003161- Optimal deep lung targeting occurs around 1–3 µm aerodynamic diameter
Inhaled Nano- and Microparticles for Drug Delivery
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4386009/- Confirms 1–5 µm particles achieve the highest deep lung delivery efficiency
Section 3
Dry Powder Inhaler Device Science
Comprehensive Overview of Dry Powder Inhalers
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1773224723004057- Device mechanics
- Particle dispersion physics
- Formulation considerations
- Macrophage clearance considerations for inhaled particles
Quality by Design in Pulmonary Drug Delivery
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39095623/- Regulatory and pharmaceutical design frameworks for DPI development
- Aerodynamic particle performance parameters
Dry Powder Inhalers for Delivery of Synthetic Biomolecules
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1044/8361/9141/files/pharmaceuticals-18-00175.pdf?v=1777283888- Why the lungs enable rapid, direct-to-bloodstream delivery
- How inhalation bypasses digestion to preserve compounds
- How inhalers deliver complex molecules systemically
Section 4
Carrier Particle Science
Leucine as an Excipient in Spray-Dried Powders for Inhalation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872799/- L-leucine improves aerosolisation performance and stability of inhaled powders
Physical Stability of Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981243/- L-leucine improves aerosol performance and protects powders from moisture degradation
Leucine Enhances the Dispersibility of Spray-Dried Powders
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33811968/- Leucine enhances particle dispersibility and inhalation performance in DPI formulations
Section 5
Inhalation Science & Supporting Research
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) improves lung function in rat lung
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00758-1?utm- Experimental lung perfusion study showing NAD+ supplementation improved donor lung function, oxygenation, and pulmonary circulation markers.
Effect of nicotinamide riboside on airway inflammation
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00758-1?utm- Clinical study showing NAD+ precursor supplementation increased NAD+ levels and reduced airway inflammation markers in COPD patients.
Glossary
Frequently Asked Questions
What is NADairX®?
NADairX® is the world's first inhalable nutraceutical device that delivers pre-ground NAD⁺ and other active ingredients directly through the lungs for rapid absorption. It's a safe, convenient, and powerful alternative to IV drips or tablets.
How does NADairX® work?
Each capsule contains ultra-fine dry powder (<5μm) that disperses into a breathable vapour inside the inhaler. When inhaled, the ingredients enter the bloodstream through the lungs, offering faster and more efficient absorption than oral supplements.
What makes NADairX® different from NAD⁺ IV drips or tablets?
IVs are effective but time-consuming, invasive, and costly. Tablets and capsules are convenient but have low absorption (10-20%). NADairX® is fast, non-invasive, and highly bioavailable - combining the best of both worlds.
What is NAD⁺ and why is it important?
NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every living cell. It is essential for over 500 enzymatic reactions, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and the activation of sirtuins - proteins linked to longevity and cellular resilience.
Why does NADairX® use inhalation instead of oral supplements?
Oral NAD⁺ supplements are largely degraded during digestion and first-pass liver metabolism, significantly reducing bioavailability. Pulmonary (inhalation) delivery bypasses the gut entirely, delivering NAD⁺ directly to the bloodstream via the lungs for up to 3x higher bioavailability.
What particle size does NADairX® target for lung deposition?
NADairX® targets an aerodynamic particle diameter of 1-5 µm, which peer-reviewed research confirms is optimal for deep lung (alveolar) deposition and rapid systemic absorption.
Is the science behind NADairX® peer-reviewed?
Yes. NADairX®'s formulation and device design are informed by extensively cited, peer-reviewed research in pulmonary drug delivery, particle science, and NAD⁺ biology. All references are listed on this page.
What role does L-leucine play in the formulation?
L-leucine is used as an excipient to improve powder dispersibility, aerosolisation performance, and moisture stability - ensuring consistent and reliable delivery with every use.
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